Drug treatment options for depression can take weeks for the beneficial effects to emerge, which is clearly inadequate for those at immediate risk of suicide. However, intravenous (IV) ketamine, a drug previously used as an anesthetic, has shown rapid antidepressant effects in early trials.

Researchers have now explored ketamines effects on suicidality in patients with treatmentresistant depression, and published their results in the September 1st issue of Biological Psychiatry. Ketamine acutely reduced suicidal thoughts when patients were assessed 24 hours after a single infusion. This reduction in suicidality was maintained when patients received repeated doses over the next two weeks.

Corresponding author Rebecca Price commented on these encouraging findings “If these findings hold up in larger samples of highrisk suicidal patients, IV ketamine could prove an attractive treatment option in situations where waiting for a conventional antidepressant treatment to take effect might endanger the patients life.”

Since this was a preliminary study in a small group of depressed patients, further research is needed to replicate these results. However, the findings are promising and could result in improved treatment for suicidal patients in the future.

Notes

The article is “Effects of Intravenous Ketamine on Explicit and Implicit Measures of Suicidality in TreatmentResistant Depression” by Rebecca B. Price, Matthew K. Nock, Dennis S. Charney, and Sanjay J. Mathew. Price, Charney, and Mathew are affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York. Charney is also with the Departments of Neuroscience, and Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, also at Mount Sinai. Price is also from the Department of Psychology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey. Nock is affiliated with the Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The article appears in Biological Psychiatry, Volume 65, Issue 5 (September 1, 2009), published by Elsevier.

The authors disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available in the article.

John H. Krystal, M.D. is Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine and a research psychiatrist at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. His disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available at here.

Source
Jayne Dawkins

In a study of whether neuropsychological changes occur following deployment to war zones, posttraumatic stress disorder appeared to be associated with attention deficits in soldiers one year after returning from Iraq, according to a report in the September issue of Archives of General Psychiatry, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. In addition, intense combat experiences were associated with faster reaction times regardless of how recently a soldier was deployed.

Previous research has suggested that as soldiers face prolonged stressful and lifethreatening situations, changes in their brains direct their cognitive (thinking, learning and memory) resources toward survival, according to background information in the article. For instance, they may respond to dangerous events more quickly while losing the ability to pay attention, learn and remember events not related to combat. “However, it remains unknown whether deploymentrelated neuropsychological changes persist over time, are associated with stressrelated factors (e.g., combat intensity, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms and depressive reactions) or are better accounted for by demographic and contextual variables,” the authors write.

Brian P. Marx, Ph.D., of Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, and colleagues studied 268 male and female regular activeduty soldiers who served between 2003 and 2006. All the soldiers were given neuropsychological tests measuring response time, attention and memory before and after deployment. A group of 164 was assessed both immediately and one year following their return, whereas a second group of 104 returned more recently and were assessed before deployment and then a median (midpoint) of 122 days after returning. The assessments also documented demographic and military information, risk factors for neuropsychological disorders and combat intensity and emotional distress.

“Greater PTSD symptoms were associated with poorer attention in soldiers tested at oneyear followup but not in recently returned soldiers,” the authors write. “Greater combat intensity was associated with enhanced reaction time, irrespective of time since return.” Neither depression nor riskrelated variables such as alcohol use and head injury were associated with changes in neuropsychological functioning.

“Recent findings reveal notably high rates of poor mental health outcomes among U.S. service members upon return from Iraq deployment,” the authors write. “Our findings additionally highlight the neuropsychological consequences of chronic PTSD symptoms. Although neuropsychological changes were not profound and, for reaction time, can be construed as desirable in the short term, their significance lies in the demonstration that psychiatric symptoms often reflect more extensive biological changes, including those affecting brain functioning.”

“A growing literature demonstrates the significant impact of prolonged and repetitive stress on health factors (e.g., immune functioning, cardiovascular disease and other systemic medical illnesses) that can be traced to the biological stress response. Thus, subtle cognitive changes (positive or negative) associated with combat exposure or PTSD may represent a warning sign relevant to longterm health.”

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66[9]9961004.

New research shows that childhood adversity is associated with diminished neural activity in brain regions implicated in the anticipation of possible rewards.

Scientists at Harvard University used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity as participants played a game involving cues that predicted monetary rewards and penalties.

“We found that, in comparison to community controls, young adults who had experienced childhood adversity showed weaker responses to rewardpredicting cues in left hemisphere regions of the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that is important for orchestrating goaldirected actions,” says Diego Pizzagalli, the John and Ruth Hazel Associate Professor of the Social Sciences in the Department of Psychology at Harvard.

The research is published in the current issue of the journal Biological Psychiatry, and was conducted by Pizzagalli and Karlen LyonsRuth, associate professor of psychology at Harvard Medical School. The lead author is Daniel Dillon, a postdoctoral researcher working with Pizzagalli, and coauthors were Avram Holmes, Jeffrey Birk, and Nancy Brooks, all in the Department of Psychology in Harvards Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

“In the group that had childhood adversity, two structures in the left basal ganglia were not responsive to reward cues, which differed from what we saw in the control group,” says Dillon. “There werent any differences between the controls and maltreated participants in response to cues that predicted either penalties or no incentive outcomes. In other words, the group that had experienced childhood adversity only showed a weaker response to the reward cues.”

Participants also rated their experiences of positive and negative arousal in response to the cues while in the MRI scanner. Relative to controls, the participants who had experienced childhood adversity rated the reward cues as less positive, consistent with the weaker brain response to these cues.

Most of the study participants did not currently meet criteria for any psychological disorder, but childhood adversity, such as emotional, physical, or sexual maltreatment, is known to increase the risk for psychopathology, particularly depression. Many previous studies have suggested that the link between childhood adversity and depression might be related to dysfunction in brain regions that are involved in regulating stress, which would contribute to the excessive sadness and negativity that characterizes depression.

By contrast, according to the researchers, this study highlights another potential link by weakening the brains response to rewards, childhood adversity may contribute to other important symptoms of depression, such as apathy, low motivation, and a reduced ability to experience pleasure.

By identifying specific regions of the brain impacted in certain types of psychological disorders, the researchers hope to contribute to the development of more effective treatments for these disorders.

“Eventually, we hope that this type of research will help finetune these interventions in much more personalized and hopefully effective ways,” says Pizzagalli.

The 13 maltreated individuals who participated in the study were young adults who had been followed since childhood as part of a study from the Cambridge Health Alliance, led by LyonsRuth. The participants had experienced childhood abuse that met state guidelines for maltreatment, but most were not currently experiencing any symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, or other disorders.

Pizzagalli underlined the fact that while childhood adversity increases the risk for depression, it is not a onetoone relationship Other mitigating factors, such as genetics and social support, can counteract the risk.

“This is a serious problem, and we are just starting to grasp what the potential neurobiological consequences will be,” says Pizzagalli. “Its not a direct pathway Somebody who was exposed to early adversity will not necessarily develop depression. But an important first step to improving treatment is to try to understand what the changes in the brain might be, so that we can know how and when to intervene.”

The research was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Society Scholars program and the Talley Fund.

Source
Amy Lavoie

H. Lundbeck A/S (Lundbeck) and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (Takeda) jointly announced headline results from the first three clinical trials in the phase III development programme with Lu AA21004 in major depressive disorder (MDD). Previously reported clinical phase II data showed equal efficacy with the 5 and 10 mg doses.

In the recently completed phase III clinical trials, Lu AA21004 was tested in doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg. Results from two studies, which included the lower dosages, 2.5 and 5 mg, did not reach significance across studies when compared with placebo.

A third trial demonstrated mixed results, with the 2.5 mg dose not reaching statistical significance compared to placebo, and the 5 and 10 mg doses showing separation from placebo, although not in all analyses. These results also suggest that a higher dose may be more efficacious.

In all of these trials, Lu AA21004 was well tolerated and confirmed the previously observed favourable safety profile.

As a result, the most appropriate dose of Lu AA21004 needs to be established. It is anticipated that this work will postpone submission of the new drug application (NDA) in the US with approximately 1824 months. Lundbeck and Takeda will continue to work with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies on the clinical development program and submission plans.

Lu AA21004 is also in phase III development for generalised anxiety disorder (GAD).

About depression

Depression is a very common, debilitating illness affecting around 121 million people worldwide. Depression is not at all recognised by society as the serious disorder it actually is. The symptoms of depression can be chronic or recurrent, and impact patients both mentally and physically. Depression has a significant impact on patient quality of life and imposes a considerable burden on society, yet it is still underrecognised and undertreated with less than 25 percent of those affected having access to effective treatment.

Symptoms include feelings of sadness, anxiety, loss of interest in activities, decreased energy, impaired sleep, impaired concentration, hopelessness, guilt, persistent physical symptoms such as pain and digestive disorders, and in more severe cases, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts.

Takeda and Lundbeck alliance

In September 2007, H. Lundbeck A/S and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited formed a strategic alliance for the exclusive codevelopment and cocommercialization in the United States and Japan of several compounds in Lundbecks pipeline for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. The partnership initially focuses on codevelopment and cocommercialization of the two most advanced compounds in Lundbecks pipeline for mood and anxiety disorders, Lu AA21004 and Lu AA24530. Once approved, the companies will copromote the products in the United States and Japan.

About Lundbeck

H. Lundbeck A/S (LUN.CO, LUN DC, HLUKY) is an international pharmaceutical company highly committed to improve the quality of life for people suffering from central nervous system (CNS) disorders. For this purpose Lundbeck is engaged in the research and development, production, marketing and sale of pharmaceuticals across the world, targeted at disorders like depression and anxiety, schizophrenia, insomnia, Huntingtons, Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases.

Lundbeck was founded in 1915 by Hans Lundbeck in Copenhagen, Denmark, and employs today over 5,500 people worldwide. Lundbeck is one of the worlds leading pharmaceutical companies working with CNS disorders. In 2008, the companys revenue was DKK 11.3 billion (approximately EUR 1.5 billion or USD 2.2 billion).

About Takeda

Located in Osaka, Japan, Takeda (TSE4502) is a researchbased global company with its main focus on pharmaceuticals. As the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan and one of the global leaders of the industry, Takeda is committed to striving toward better health for individuals and progress in medicine by developing superior pharmaceutical products.

Depression is an established risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in healthy patients and for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with existing CHD. Dietary factors resulting in lower levels of omega 3 fatty acids not only increase CHD risk, but may also be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The investigators measured red blood cell levels of two omega 3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and assessed depressive symptoms in a crosssectional study of 987 adults with CHD. Omega 3 fatty acids were blindly measured in fasting venous blood samples using capillary gas chromatography to measure the fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes. Red blood cell levels of EPA and DHA are presented as a percentage composition of total fatty acid methyl esters. The investigators assessed current depression using the 9item Patient Health Questionnaire. They evaluated the association between omega 3 fatty acid levels and depressive symptoms as continuous variables using linear regression.

The investigators also examined the association of omeg 3 fatty acid tertiles with depression as a dichotomous variable using X2 analysis and logistic regression. All statistical tests were twosided, and p4.3% of total blood fatty acids; p for trend = 0.004). Each unit decrease in EPA + DHA was inversely associated with depressive symptoms as a continuous variable, and these associations persisted after adjustment for age, sex and race. Similarly, each SD decrease in EPA + DHA was associated with significantly greater odds of depression as a dichotomous variable (Patient Health Questionnaire score >10). However, in both analyses, omega 3 fatty acid levels were no longer associated with depression after adjustment for education and household income level. This study extends this existing literature by finding a strong association between low omeg 3 fatty acids and depression in outpatients with stable CHD, a population distinct from sicker, hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome. In addition, the investigators examined the role of several important potential confounders and measured erythrocyte membrane levels of fatty acids rather than using less accurate serum measurements or dietary questionnaires. However, the crosssectional nature of this study precluded the investigators from making any definitive comments on causality. Additionally, the cohort participants were mostly older, urban men and thus are not entirely reflective of the general population. To better understand the potential efficacy of omeg 3 fatty acid supplementation for improving depressive symptoms in patients with CHD, future studies should carefully consider the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in this association.

Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NYSE Amex RNN), announced that it has enrolled 50% of the total projected enrollment required for its Phase IIa trial to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of Serdaxin™ as a central nervous system based treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The complete trial calls for the enrollment of up to 80 patients at multiple clinical trial sites in the United States.

“This patient enrollment milestone in the Serdaxin clinical trial is an exciting step forward. We anticipate that enrollment will continue to move quickly, and preliminary study results may be available by year end. Serdaxin is of particular importance in meeting unmet needs in depression, because it appears to have fast onset of action in animal models and lacks the serious side effects associated with existing antidepressant drugs, including nausea, vomiting, insomnia, weight gain and sexual dysfunction.” Said Dr. Chang Ahn, CEO of Rexahn

The Serdaxin Phase IIa clinical trial is designed as a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled and dose ranging study. Main endpoints include clinically validated depression rating scales, and quality of life surveys. The Serdaxin Phase IIa study in MDD was initiated February 2009, and the Company anticipates completion of enrollment by July 2009.

Rexahn will be presenting at the BIO 2009 International Convention at the Georgia World Congress Center (Room 314, Building A, Level 3) in Atlanta, GA on Wednesday, May 20, 2009 at 300 PM ET.

About SerdaxinTM

SerdaxinTM is a potential market leading CNS neuroprotective agent and antidepressant. Among lead indications, we are investigating Serdaxin for depression in Phase II clinical trials. Serdaxin may achieve greater and broader therapeutic coverage, and appears to have no serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, cognitive deficit or motor impairment that are linked to existing antidepressant drugs. Serdaxin has wellestablished and excellent human safety. In preclinical studies, Serdaxin had onset of action in less than two days. Based on its novel mechanism as a dual serotonin and dopamine enhancer, it is a potential treatment for multiple CNS disorders where these neurotransmitters are depleted or implicated in CNSbased illnesses, such as Parkinsons disease (PD). Serdaxin has the potential to address both nonmotor and motor events of PD by serving as a neuroprotective agent and addressing loss of dopaminergic neurons that lead to loss of control of movements; and further, enhancing serotonin and dopamine levels that are involved in depression and mood disorders. Rexahn has multiple clinical programs planned for Serdaxin including depression and anxiety disorders, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers and neurodegenerative illnesses, neuroprotection and biodefense uses.

Source

Consumer prime Sciences, a leading universal provider of comprehensive consumer constitution news and patient reported outcomes, presented signal details at the ISPOR 11th Annual European Congress, Athens, Greece, November 11, 2008. Findings demonstrated big unmet requirements among patients with depression using SSRIs or SNRIs.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used in the treatment of depression. Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs has antiquated evaluated using clinical trial scoop and metaanalyses. However, using patientreported survey evidence for the assessment of unmet requirements provides a realheavenly body patient perspective that is generalizable to the broader population.

The primary objective was to quantify the unmet requirements of patients diagnosed with depression treating with an SSRI or SNRI. The analysis used patient selfreported score from five European countries. The results demonstrated that approximately 80% of treated patients uphold to exposition symptoms of depression.

“These results highlight the thirst for new and better treatments to alleviate depression symptoms,” said Samuel Wagner, Ph.D., R.Ph., Vice President, pink Economics and Outcomes Research, of Consumer shape Sciences. “Key markers were identified to benefit physicians in their diagnosis. In inclusion to a mйnage history of depression, theyre more fair to maturity other comorbid psychiatric conditions and report their depression as more severe than patients whose requirements were met.”

The results were based on an analysis of 53,000 patients from the 2007 National hardiness and Wellness Survey conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Inclusion criteria for the ruling analysis were diagnosed depression, treating with an SSRI or SNRI, and not diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Depression sufferers were asked to report on the following symptoms bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless or bothered by having little interest or zest in doing aspects in the month prior to survey. Unmet requirements were defined as an affirmative response to either of the above symptoms. Further analyses of these patients were moreover conducted by the scientific team at Consumer eupepsia Sciences to more deeply understand the demographic, attitudinal and disease characteristics of patients with unmet requirements.

About Consumer bloom Sciences

Consumer tonicity Sciences is a leading source of diseasebulls eye consumer lustiness report for the pharmaceutical and life erudition industries. Its flagship product, the annual National eupepsia and Wellness Survey (NHWS) database, is the largest selfreported patient database of its kind, providing grocery store sizing, demographic, attitudinal, quality of life, resource utilization and treatment dope in more than 100 therapeutic categories in the U.S., Europe

Consumer energy Sciences, a leading global provider of comprehensive consumer tonicity orientation and patient reported outcomes, presented considerable abstracts at the ISPOR 11th Annual European Congress, Athens, Greece, November 11, 2008. Findings demonstrated upraised rise unmet requirements among patients with depression using SSRIs or SNRIs.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used in the treatment of depression. Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs has passй evaluated using clinical trial compilations and metaanalyses. However, using patientreported survey knowledge for the assessment of unmet requirements provides a realglobe patient perspective that is generalizable to the broader population.

The primary objective was to quantify the unmet requirements of patients diagnosed with depression treating with an SSRI or SNRI. The analysis used patient selfreported evidence from five European countries. The results demonstrated that approximately 80% of treated patients stay on to exhibition symptoms of depression.

“These results highlight the insufficiency for new and better treatments to alleviate depression symptoms,” said Samuel Wagner, Ph.D., R.Ph., Vice President, salubrity Economics and Outcomes Research, of Consumer hardihood Sciences. “Key markers were identified to lift physicians in their diagnosis. In accession to a issue history of depression, theyre more ostensible to combat other comorbid psychiatric conditions and report their depression as more severe than patients whose requirements were met.”

The results were based on an analysis of 53,000 patients from the 2007 National tone and Wellness Survey conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Inclusion criteria for the customary analysis were diagnosed depression, treating with an SSRI or SNRI, and not diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Depression sufferers were asked to report on the following symptoms bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless or bothered by having little interest or gluttony in doing thoughts in the month prior to survey. Unmet requirements were defined as an affirmative response to either of the above symptoms. Further analyses of these patients were furthermore conducted by the scientific team at Consumer vigor Sciences to more deeply understand the demographic, attitudinal and disease characteristics of patients with unmet requirements.

About Consumer eupepsia Sciences

Consumer lustiness Sciences is a leading source of diseasedrawn beautiful consumer haleness dope for the pharmaceutical and life information industries. Its flagship product, the annual National verdure and Wellness Survey (NHWS) database, is the largest selfreported patient database of its kind, providing outlet sizing, demographic, attitudinal, quality of life, resource utilization and treatment enlightenment in more than 100 therapeutic categories in the U.S., Europe

Consumer form Sciences, a leading global provider of comprehensive consumer state notice and patient reported outcomes, presented of substance picture at the ISPOR 11th Annual European Congress, Athens, Greece, November 11, 2008. Findings demonstrated altitudinous unmet requirements among patients with depression using SSRIs or SNRIs.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are commonly used in the treatment of depression. Efficacy of SSRIs and SNRIs has unusable evaluated using clinical trial scoop and metaanalyses. However, using patientreported survey compilations for the assessment of unmet requirements provides a realmacrocosm patient perspective that is generalizable to the broader population.

The primary objective was to quantify the unmet requirements of patients diagnosed with depression treating with an SSRI or SNRI. The analysis used patient selfreported details from five European countries. The results demonstrated that approximately 80% of treated patients outlast to array symptoms of depression.

“These results highlight the exact for new and better treatments to alleviate depression symptoms,” said Samuel Wagner, Ph.D., R.Ph., Vice President, prime Economics and Outcomes Research, of Consumer euphoria Sciences. “Key markers were identified to corrective physicians in their diagnosis. In inflation to a system history of depression, theyre more possible to sense other comorbid psychiatric conditions and report their depression as more severe than patients whose requirements were met.”

The results were based on an analysis of 53,000 patients from the 2007 National euphoria and Wellness Survey conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Inclusion criteria for the instant analysis were diagnosed depression, treating with an SSRI or SNRI, and not diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Depression sufferers were asked to report on the following symptoms bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless or bothered by having little interest or delight in doing qualities in the month prior to survey. Unmet requirements were defined as an affirmative response to either of the above symptoms. Further analyses of these patients were as well conducted by the scientific team at Consumer salubriousness Sciences to more deeply understand the demographic, attitudinal and disease characteristics of patients with unmet requirements.

About Consumer wellbeing Sciences

Consumer constitution Sciences is a leading source of diseasepeculiar consumer form whole parable for the pharmaceutical and life lore industries. Its flagship product, the annual National verdure and Wellness Survey (NHWS) database, is the largest selfreported patient database of its kind, providing trading post sizing, demographic, attitudinal, quality of life, resource utilization and treatment the latest in more than 100 therapeutic categories in the U.S., Europe

myriad of the duty divisions who contact traumatic brain injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan are at risk for elongateterm hardihood predicaments such as depression and dementia, but it is unknown how lankyreaching those risks are, according to an Institute of Medicine report released Thursday, the AP/Minneapolis StarTribune reports (Neergaard, AP/Minneapolis StarTribune, 12/5). An estimated 5,500 military personnel have suffered from a brain injury, and brain injuries playbyplay for about 22% of all casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan (Carey, New York Times, 12/5). For the IOM report, researchers examined elapsed studies on TBI and plant that it can be linked to drawn outterm hardihood risks such as depression, Alzheimersdouble dementia, Parkinsonscompatible symptoms, seizures, aggressive air, dizziness, amnesia and messs with social functioning (AP/Minneapolis StarTribune, 12/5).

The report recommended that the commune of Defense and board of Veterans Affairs conduct further studies “to confirm reports of stretchterm or latent effects of exposure to blasts” to better understand and treat TBI (New York Times, 12/5). The report suggested that the departments conduct cognitive skills tests on both pre and postdeployment soldiers to compare the expandedterm effects of brain injuries. In affixing, on occasion soldier exposed to a blast, regardless of its size, should be screened for TBI, the report recommended. IOM welladjusted with recommended that VA establish a registry of value branchs with TBI to identify rangyterm risk factors that improve or worsen outcomes and compare them to troops with nonbrain injuries (AP/Minneapolis StarTribune, 12/5).

Brig. Gen. Loree Sutton, director of the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological healthiness and Traumatic Brain Injury, said there was “no daylight at intervals the recommendations and ball pluckies the division of Defense has taken already” to better evaluate brain injuries (New York Times, 12/5). VA is considering the recommendations and has 60 days to decide whether the lingeringterm hardihood risks will be a presumed coupler to the military serviceability of veterans who experienced brain injuries.

primacy journalist George Rutherford of the University of CaliforniaSan Francisco said, “I dont bargain for we really knew how big a hole in scientific knowledge there is about blastinduced brain injuries” (AP/Minneapolis StarTribune, 12/5).

An abstract of the report is available on the net.

Reprinted with kind permission from kaisernetwork.org. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily strength approach Report, search the archives, or auspice up for news letter delivery at kaisernetwork.org/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily clean bill management Report is published for kaisernetwork.org, a free account of The Henry J. Kaiser race Foundation.

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